//===- IRAttributes.cpp - Exports builtin and standard attributes ---------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include <optional>
#include <string_view>
#include <utility>

#include "IRModule.h"

#include "PybindUtils.h"

#include "llvm/ADT/ScopeExit.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"

#include "mlir-c/BuiltinAttributes.h"
#include "mlir-c/BuiltinTypes.h"
#include "mlir/Bindings/Python/PybindAdaptors.h"

namespace py = pybind11;
using namespace mlir;
using namespace mlir::python;

using llvm::SmallVector;

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Docstrings (trivial, non-duplicated docstrings are included inline).
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

static const char kDenseElementsAttrGetDocstring[] =
    R"(Gets a DenseElementsAttr from a Python buffer or array.

When `type` is not provided, then some limited type inferencing is done based
on the buffer format. Support presently exists for 8/16/32/64 signed and
unsigned integers and float16/float32/float64. DenseElementsAttrs of these
types can also be converted back to a corresponding buffer.

For conversions outside of these types, a `type=` must be explicitly provided
and the buffer contents must be bit-castable to the MLIR internal
representation:

  * Integer types (except for i1): the buffer must be byte aligned to the
    next byte boundary.
  * Floating point types: Must be bit-castable to the given floating point
    size.
  * i1 (bool): Bit packed into 8bit words where the bit pattern matches a
    row major ordering. An arbitrary Numpy `bool_` array can be bit packed to
    this specification with: `np.packbits(ary, axis=None, bitorder='little')`.

If a single element buffer is passed (or for i1, a single byte with value 0
or 255), then a splat will be created.

Args:
  array: The array or buffer to convert.
  signless: If inferring an appropriate MLIR type, use signless types for
    integers (defaults True).
  type: Skips inference of the MLIR element type and uses this instead. The
    storage size must be consistent with the actual contents of the buffer.
  shape: Overrides the shape of the buffer when constructing the MLIR
    shaped type. This is needed when the physical and logical shape differ (as
    for i1).
  context: Explicit context, if not from context manager.

Returns:
  DenseElementsAttr on success.

Raises:
  ValueError: If the type of the buffer or array cannot be matched to an MLIR
    type or if the buffer does not meet expectations.
)";

static const char kDenseElementsAttrGetFromListDocstring[] =
    R"(Gets a DenseElementsAttr from a Python list of attributes.

Note that it can be expensive to construct attributes individually.
For a large number of elements, consider using a Python buffer or array instead.

Args:
  attrs: A list of attributes.
  type: The desired shape and type of the resulting DenseElementsAttr.
    If not provided, the element type is determined based on the type
    of the 0th attribute and the shape is `[len(attrs)]`.
  context: Explicit context, if not from context manager.

Returns:
  DenseElementsAttr on success.

Raises:
  ValueError: If the type of the attributes does not match the type
    specified by `shaped_type`.
)";

static const char kDenseResourceElementsAttrGetFromBufferDocstring[] =
    R"(Gets a DenseResourceElementsAttr from a Python buffer or array.

This function does minimal validation or massaging of the data, and it is
up to the caller to ensure that the buffer meets the characteristics
implied by the shape.

The backing buffer and any user objects will be retained for the lifetime
of the resource blob. This is typically bounded to the context but the
resource can have a shorter lifespan depending on how it is used in
subsequent processing.

Args:
  buffer: The array or buffer to convert.
  name: Name to provide to the resource (may be changed upon collision).
  type: The explicit ShapedType to construct the attribute with.
  context: Explicit context, if not from context manager.

Returns:
  DenseResourceElementsAttr on success.

Raises:
  ValueError: If the type of the buffer or array cannot be matched to an MLIR
    type or if the buffer does not meet expectations.
)";

namespace {

static MlirStringRef toMlirStringRef(const std::string &s) {
  return mlirStringRefCreate(s.data(), s.size());
}

class PyAffineMapAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyAffineMapAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAAffineMap;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "AffineMapAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirAffineMapAttrGetTypeID;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](PyAffineMap &affineMap) {
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirAffineMapAttrGet(affineMap.get());
          return PyAffineMapAttribute(affineMap.getContext(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("affine_map"), "Gets an attribute wrapping an AffineMap.");
    c.def_property_readonly("value", mlirAffineMapAttrGetValue,
                            "Returns the value of the AffineMap attribute");
  }
};

template <typename T>
static T pyTryCast(py::handle object) {
  try {
    return object.cast<T>();
  } catch (py::cast_error &err) {
    std::string msg =
        std::string(
            "Invalid attribute when attempting to create an ArrayAttribute (") +
        err.what() + ")";
    throw py::cast_error(msg);
  } catch (py::reference_cast_error &err) {
    std::string msg = std::string("Invalid attribute (None?) when attempting "
                                  "to create an ArrayAttribute (") +
                      err.what() + ")";
    throw py::cast_error(msg);
  }
}

/// A python-wrapped dense array attribute with an element type and a derived
/// implementation class.
template <typename EltTy, typename DerivedT>
class PyDenseArrayAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<DerivedT> {
public:
  using PyConcreteAttribute<DerivedT>::PyConcreteAttribute;

  /// Iterator over the integer elements of a dense array.
  class PyDenseArrayIterator {
  public:
    PyDenseArrayIterator(PyAttribute attr) : attr(std::move(attr)) {}

    /// Return a copy of the iterator.
    PyDenseArrayIterator dunderIter() { return *this; }

    /// Return the next element.
    EltTy dunderNext() {
      // Throw if the index has reached the end.
      if (nextIndex >= mlirDenseArrayGetNumElements(attr.get()))
        throw py::stop_iteration();
      return DerivedT::getElement(attr.get(), nextIndex++);
    }

    /// Bind the iterator class.
    static void bind(py::module &m) {
      py::class_<PyDenseArrayIterator>(m, DerivedT::pyIteratorName,
                                       py::module_local())
          .def("__iter__", &PyDenseArrayIterator::dunderIter)
          .def("__next__", &PyDenseArrayIterator::dunderNext);
    }

  private:
    /// The referenced dense array attribute.
    PyAttribute attr;
    /// The next index to read.
    int nextIndex = 0;
  };

  /// Get the element at the given index.
  EltTy getItem(intptr_t i) { return DerivedT::getElement(*this, i); }

  /// Bind the attribute class.
  static void bindDerived(typename PyConcreteAttribute<DerivedT>::ClassTy &c) {
    // Bind the constructor.
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](const std::vector<EltTy> &values, DefaultingPyMlirContext ctx) {
          return getAttribute(values, ctx->getRef());
        },
        py::arg("values"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets a uniqued dense array attribute");
    // Bind the array methods.
    c.def("__getitem__", [](DerivedT &arr, intptr_t i) {
      if (i >= mlirDenseArrayGetNumElements(arr))
        throw py::index_error("DenseArray index out of range");
      return arr.getItem(i);
    });
    c.def("__len__", [](const DerivedT &arr) {
      return mlirDenseArrayGetNumElements(arr);
    });
    c.def("__iter__",
          [](const DerivedT &arr) { return PyDenseArrayIterator(arr); });
    c.def("__add__", [](DerivedT &arr, const py::list &extras) {
      std::vector<EltTy> values;
      intptr_t numOldElements = mlirDenseArrayGetNumElements(arr);
      values.reserve(numOldElements + py::len(extras));
      for (intptr_t i = 0; i < numOldElements; ++i)
        values.push_back(arr.getItem(i));
      for (py::handle attr : extras)
        values.push_back(pyTryCast<EltTy>(attr));
      return getAttribute(values, arr.getContext());
    });
  }

private:
  static DerivedT getAttribute(const std::vector<EltTy> &values,
                               PyMlirContextRef ctx) {
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<EltTy, bool>) {
      std::vector<int> intValues(values.begin(), values.end());
      MlirAttribute attr = DerivedT::getAttribute(ctx->get(), intValues.size(),
                                                  intValues.data());
      return DerivedT(ctx, attr);
    } else {
      MlirAttribute attr =
          DerivedT::getAttribute(ctx->get(), values.size(), values.data());
      return DerivedT(ctx, attr);
    }
  }
};

/// Instantiate the python dense array classes.
struct PyDenseBoolArrayAttribute
    : public PyDenseArrayAttribute<bool, PyDenseBoolArrayAttribute> {
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseBoolArray;
  static constexpr auto getAttribute = mlirDenseBoolArrayGet;
  static constexpr auto getElement = mlirDenseBoolArrayGetElement;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseBoolArrayAttr";
  static constexpr const char *pyIteratorName = "DenseBoolArrayIterator";
  using PyDenseArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayAttribute;
};
struct PyDenseI8ArrayAttribute
    : public PyDenseArrayAttribute<int8_t, PyDenseI8ArrayAttribute> {
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseI8Array;
  static constexpr auto getAttribute = mlirDenseI8ArrayGet;
  static constexpr auto getElement = mlirDenseI8ArrayGetElement;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseI8ArrayAttr";
  static constexpr const char *pyIteratorName = "DenseI8ArrayIterator";
  using PyDenseArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayAttribute;
};
struct PyDenseI16ArrayAttribute
    : public PyDenseArrayAttribute<int16_t, PyDenseI16ArrayAttribute> {
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseI16Array;
  static constexpr auto getAttribute = mlirDenseI16ArrayGet;
  static constexpr auto getElement = mlirDenseI16ArrayGetElement;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseI16ArrayAttr";
  static constexpr const char *pyIteratorName = "DenseI16ArrayIterator";
  using PyDenseArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayAttribute;
};
struct PyDenseI32ArrayAttribute
    : public PyDenseArrayAttribute<int32_t, PyDenseI32ArrayAttribute> {
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseI32Array;
  static constexpr auto getAttribute = mlirDenseI32ArrayGet;
  static constexpr auto getElement = mlirDenseI32ArrayGetElement;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseI32ArrayAttr";
  static constexpr const char *pyIteratorName = "DenseI32ArrayIterator";
  using PyDenseArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayAttribute;
};
struct PyDenseI64ArrayAttribute
    : public PyDenseArrayAttribute<int64_t, PyDenseI64ArrayAttribute> {
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseI64Array;
  static constexpr auto getAttribute = mlirDenseI64ArrayGet;
  static constexpr auto getElement = mlirDenseI64ArrayGetElement;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseI64ArrayAttr";
  static constexpr const char *pyIteratorName = "DenseI64ArrayIterator";
  using PyDenseArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayAttribute;
};
struct PyDenseF32ArrayAttribute
    : public PyDenseArrayAttribute<float, PyDenseF32ArrayAttribute> {
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseF32Array;
  static constexpr auto getAttribute = mlirDenseF32ArrayGet;
  static constexpr auto getElement = mlirDenseF32ArrayGetElement;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseF32ArrayAttr";
  static constexpr const char *pyIteratorName = "DenseF32ArrayIterator";
  using PyDenseArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayAttribute;
};
struct PyDenseF64ArrayAttribute
    : public PyDenseArrayAttribute<double, PyDenseF64ArrayAttribute> {
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseF64Array;
  static constexpr auto getAttribute = mlirDenseF64ArrayGet;
  static constexpr auto getElement = mlirDenseF64ArrayGetElement;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseF64ArrayAttr";
  static constexpr const char *pyIteratorName = "DenseF64ArrayIterator";
  using PyDenseArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayAttribute;
};

class PyArrayAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyArrayAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAArray;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "ArrayAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirArrayAttrGetTypeID;

  class PyArrayAttributeIterator {
  public:
    PyArrayAttributeIterator(PyAttribute attr) : attr(std::move(attr)) {}

    PyArrayAttributeIterator &dunderIter() { return *this; }

    MlirAttribute dunderNext() {
      // TODO: Throw is an inefficient way to stop iteration.
      if (nextIndex >= mlirArrayAttrGetNumElements(attr.get()))
        throw py::stop_iteration();
      return mlirArrayAttrGetElement(attr.get(), nextIndex++);
    }

    static void bind(py::module &m) {
      py::class_<PyArrayAttributeIterator>(m, "ArrayAttributeIterator",
                                           py::module_local())
          .def("__iter__", &PyArrayAttributeIterator::dunderIter)
          .def("__next__", &PyArrayAttributeIterator::dunderNext);
    }

  private:
    PyAttribute attr;
    int nextIndex = 0;
  };

  MlirAttribute getItem(intptr_t i) {
    return mlirArrayAttrGetElement(*this, i);
  }

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](py::list attributes, DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          SmallVector<MlirAttribute> mlirAttributes;
          mlirAttributes.reserve(py::len(attributes));
          for (auto attribute : attributes) {
            mlirAttributes.push_back(pyTryCast<PyAttribute>(attribute));
          }
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirArrayAttrGet(
              context->get(), mlirAttributes.size(), mlirAttributes.data());
          return PyArrayAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("attributes"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets a uniqued Array attribute");
    c.def("__getitem__",
          [](PyArrayAttribute &arr, intptr_t i) {
            if (i >= mlirArrayAttrGetNumElements(arr))
              throw py::index_error("ArrayAttribute index out of range");
            return arr.getItem(i);
          })
        .def("__len__",
             [](const PyArrayAttribute &arr) {
               return mlirArrayAttrGetNumElements(arr);
             })
        .def("__iter__", [](const PyArrayAttribute &arr) {
          return PyArrayAttributeIterator(arr);
        });
    c.def("__add__", [](PyArrayAttribute arr, py::list extras) {
      std::vector<MlirAttribute> attributes;
      intptr_t numOldElements = mlirArrayAttrGetNumElements(arr);
      attributes.reserve(numOldElements + py::len(extras));
      for (intptr_t i = 0; i < numOldElements; ++i)
        attributes.push_back(arr.getItem(i));
      for (py::handle attr : extras)
        attributes.push_back(pyTryCast<PyAttribute>(attr));
      MlirAttribute arrayAttr = mlirArrayAttrGet(
          arr.getContext()->get(), attributes.size(), attributes.data());
      return PyArrayAttribute(arr.getContext(), arrayAttr);
    });
  }
};

/// Float Point Attribute subclass - FloatAttr.
class PyFloatAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyFloatAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAFloat;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "FloatAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirFloatAttrGetTypeID;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](PyType &type, double value, DefaultingPyLocation loc) {
          PyMlirContext::ErrorCapture errors(loc->getContext());
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirFloatAttrDoubleGetChecked(loc, type, value);
          if (mlirAttributeIsNull(attr))
            throw MLIRError("Invalid attribute", errors.take());
          return PyFloatAttribute(type.getContext(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("type"), py::arg("value"), py::arg("loc") = py::none(),
        "Gets an uniqued float point attribute associated to a type");
    c.def_static(
        "get_f32",
        [](double value, DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirFloatAttrDoubleGet(
              context->get(), mlirF32TypeGet(context->get()), value);
          return PyFloatAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("value"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets an uniqued float point attribute associated to a f32 type");
    c.def_static(
        "get_f64",
        [](double value, DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirFloatAttrDoubleGet(
              context->get(), mlirF64TypeGet(context->get()), value);
          return PyFloatAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("value"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets an uniqued float point attribute associated to a f64 type");
    c.def_property_readonly("value", mlirFloatAttrGetValueDouble,
                            "Returns the value of the float attribute");
    c.def("__float__", mlirFloatAttrGetValueDouble,
          "Converts the value of the float attribute to a Python float");
  }
};

/// Integer Attribute subclass - IntegerAttr.
class PyIntegerAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyIntegerAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAInteger;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "IntegerAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](PyType &type, int64_t value) {
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirIntegerAttrGet(type, value);
          return PyIntegerAttribute(type.getContext(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("type"), py::arg("value"),
        "Gets an uniqued integer attribute associated to a type");
    c.def_property_readonly("value", toPyInt,
                            "Returns the value of the integer attribute");
    c.def("__int__", toPyInt,
          "Converts the value of the integer attribute to a Python int");
    c.def_property_readonly_static("static_typeid",
                                   [](py::object & /*class*/) -> MlirTypeID {
                                     return mlirIntegerAttrGetTypeID();
                                   });
  }

private:
  static py::int_ toPyInt(PyIntegerAttribute &self) {
    MlirType type = mlirAttributeGetType(self);
    if (mlirTypeIsAIndex(type) || mlirIntegerTypeIsSignless(type))
      return mlirIntegerAttrGetValueInt(self);
    if (mlirIntegerTypeIsSigned(type))
      return mlirIntegerAttrGetValueSInt(self);
    return mlirIntegerAttrGetValueUInt(self);
  }
};

/// Bool Attribute subclass - BoolAttr.
class PyBoolAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyBoolAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsABool;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "BoolAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](bool value, DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirBoolAttrGet(context->get(), value);
          return PyBoolAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("value"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets an uniqued bool attribute");
    c.def_property_readonly("value", mlirBoolAttrGetValue,
                            "Returns the value of the bool attribute");
    c.def("__bool__", mlirBoolAttrGetValue,
          "Converts the value of the bool attribute to a Python bool");
  }
};

class PySymbolRefAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PySymbolRefAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsASymbolRef;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "SymbolRefAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;

  static MlirAttribute fromList(const std::vector<std::string> &symbols,
                                PyMlirContext &context) {
    if (symbols.empty())
      throw std::runtime_error("SymbolRefAttr must be composed of at least "
                               "one symbol.");
    MlirStringRef rootSymbol = toMlirStringRef(symbols[0]);
    SmallVector<MlirAttribute, 3> referenceAttrs;
    for (size_t i = 1; i < symbols.size(); ++i) {
      referenceAttrs.push_back(
          mlirFlatSymbolRefAttrGet(context.get(), toMlirStringRef(symbols[i])));
    }
    return mlirSymbolRefAttrGet(context.get(), rootSymbol,
                                referenceAttrs.size(), referenceAttrs.data());
  }

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](const std::vector<std::string> &symbols,
           DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          return PySymbolRefAttribute::fromList(symbols, context.resolve());
        },
        py::arg("symbols"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets a uniqued SymbolRef attribute from a list of symbol names");
    c.def_property_readonly(
        "value",
        [](PySymbolRefAttribute &self) {
          std::vector<std::string> symbols = {
              unwrap(mlirSymbolRefAttrGetRootReference(self)).str()};
          for (int i = 0; i < mlirSymbolRefAttrGetNumNestedReferences(self);
               ++i)
            symbols.push_back(
                unwrap(mlirSymbolRefAttrGetRootReference(
                           mlirSymbolRefAttrGetNestedReference(self, i)))
                    .str());
          return symbols;
        },
        "Returns the value of the SymbolRef attribute as a list[str]");
  }
};

class PyFlatSymbolRefAttribute
    : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyFlatSymbolRefAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAFlatSymbolRef;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "FlatSymbolRefAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](std::string value, DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          MlirAttribute attr =
              mlirFlatSymbolRefAttrGet(context->get(), toMlirStringRef(value));
          return PyFlatSymbolRefAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("value"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets a uniqued FlatSymbolRef attribute");
    c.def_property_readonly(
        "value",
        [](PyFlatSymbolRefAttribute &self) {
          MlirStringRef stringRef = mlirFlatSymbolRefAttrGetValue(self);
          return py::str(stringRef.data, stringRef.length);
        },
        "Returns the value of the FlatSymbolRef attribute as a string");
  }
};

class PyOpaqueAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyOpaqueAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAOpaque;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "OpaqueAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirOpaqueAttrGetTypeID;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](std::string dialectNamespace, py::buffer buffer, PyType &type,
           DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          const py::buffer_info bufferInfo = buffer.request();
          intptr_t bufferSize = bufferInfo.size;
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirOpaqueAttrGet(
              context->get(), toMlirStringRef(dialectNamespace), bufferSize,
              static_cast<char *>(bufferInfo.ptr), type);
          return PyOpaqueAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("dialect_namespace"), py::arg("buffer"), py::arg("type"),
        py::arg("context") = py::none(), "Gets an Opaque attribute.");
    c.def_property_readonly(
        "dialect_namespace",
        [](PyOpaqueAttribute &self) {
          MlirStringRef stringRef = mlirOpaqueAttrGetDialectNamespace(self);
          return py::str(stringRef.data, stringRef.length);
        },
        "Returns the dialect namespace for the Opaque attribute as a string");
    c.def_property_readonly(
        "data",
        [](PyOpaqueAttribute &self) {
          MlirStringRef stringRef = mlirOpaqueAttrGetData(self);
          return py::bytes(stringRef.data, stringRef.length);
        },
        "Returns the data for the Opaqued attributes as `bytes`");
  }
};

class PyStringAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyStringAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAString;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "StringAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirStringAttrGetTypeID;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](std::string value, DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          MlirAttribute attr =
              mlirStringAttrGet(context->get(), toMlirStringRef(value));
          return PyStringAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("value"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets a uniqued string attribute");
    c.def_static(
        "get_typed",
        [](PyType &type, std::string value) {
          MlirAttribute attr =
              mlirStringAttrTypedGet(type, toMlirStringRef(value));
          return PyStringAttribute(type.getContext(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("type"), py::arg("value"),
        "Gets a uniqued string attribute associated to a type");
    c.def_property_readonly(
        "value",
        [](PyStringAttribute &self) {
          MlirStringRef stringRef = mlirStringAttrGetValue(self);
          return py::str(stringRef.data, stringRef.length);
        },
        "Returns the value of the string attribute");
    c.def_property_readonly(
        "value_bytes",
        [](PyStringAttribute &self) {
          MlirStringRef stringRef = mlirStringAttrGetValue(self);
          return py::bytes(stringRef.data, stringRef.length);
        },
        "Returns the value of the string attribute as `bytes`");
  }
};

// TODO: Support construction of string elements.
class PyDenseElementsAttribute
    : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyDenseElementsAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseElements;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseElementsAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;

  static PyDenseElementsAttribute
  getFromList(py::list attributes, std::optional<PyType> explicitType,
              DefaultingPyMlirContext contextWrapper) {

    const size_t numAttributes = py::len(attributes);
    if (numAttributes == 0)
      throw py::value_error("Attributes list must be non-empty.");

    MlirType shapedType;
    if (explicitType) {
      if ((!mlirTypeIsAShaped(*explicitType) ||
           !mlirShapedTypeHasStaticShape(*explicitType))) {

        std::string message;
        llvm::raw_string_ostream os(message);
        os << "Expected a static ShapedType for the shaped_type parameter: "
           << py::repr(py::cast(*explicitType));
        throw py::value_error(os.str());
      }
      shapedType = *explicitType;
    } else {
      SmallVector<int64_t> shape{static_cast<int64_t>(numAttributes)};
      shapedType = mlirRankedTensorTypeGet(
          shape.size(), shape.data(),
          mlirAttributeGetType(pyTryCast<PyAttribute>(attributes[0])),
          mlirAttributeGetNull());
    }

    SmallVector<MlirAttribute> mlirAttributes;
    mlirAttributes.reserve(numAttributes);
    for (const py::handle &attribute : attributes) {
      MlirAttribute mlirAttribute = pyTryCast<PyAttribute>(attribute);
      MlirType attrType = mlirAttributeGetType(mlirAttribute);
      mlirAttributes.push_back(mlirAttribute);

      if (!mlirTypeEqual(mlirShapedTypeGetElementType(shapedType), attrType)) {
        std::string message;
        llvm::raw_string_ostream os(message);
        os << "All attributes must be of the same type and match "
           << "the type parameter: expected=" << py::repr(py::cast(shapedType))
           << ", but got=" << py::repr(py::cast(attrType));
        throw py::value_error(os.str());
      }
    }

    MlirAttribute elements = mlirDenseElementsAttrGet(
        shapedType, mlirAttributes.size(), mlirAttributes.data());

    return PyDenseElementsAttribute(contextWrapper->getRef(), elements);
  }

  static PyDenseElementsAttribute
  getFromBuffer(py::buffer array, bool signless,
                std::optional<PyType> explicitType,
                std::optional<std::vector<int64_t>> explicitShape,
                DefaultingPyMlirContext contextWrapper) {
    // Request a contiguous view. In exotic cases, this will cause a copy.
    int flags = PyBUF_ND;
    if (!explicitType) {
      flags |= PyBUF_FORMAT;
    }
    Py_buffer view;
    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(array.ptr(), &view, flags) != 0) {
      throw py::error_already_set();
    }
    auto freeBuffer = llvm::make_scope_exit([&]() { PyBuffer_Release(&view); });
    SmallVector<int64_t> shape;
    if (explicitShape) {
      shape.append(explicitShape->begin(), explicitShape->end());
    } else {
      shape.append(view.shape, view.shape + view.ndim);
    }

    MlirAttribute encodingAttr = mlirAttributeGetNull();
    MlirContext context = contextWrapper->get();

    // Detect format codes that are suitable for bulk loading. This includes
    // all byte aligned integer and floating point types up to 8 bytes.
    // Notably, this excludes, bool (which needs to be bit-packed) and
    // other exotics which do not have a direct representation in the buffer
    // protocol (i.e. complex, etc).
    std::optional<MlirType> bulkLoadElementType;
    if (explicitType) {
      bulkLoadElementType = *explicitType;
    } else {
      std::string_view format(view.format);
      if (format == "f") {
        // f32
        assert(view.itemsize == 4 && "mismatched array itemsize");
        bulkLoadElementType = mlirF32TypeGet(context);
      } else if (format == "d") {
        // f64
        assert(view.itemsize == 8 && "mismatched array itemsize");
        bulkLoadElementType = mlirF64TypeGet(context);
      } else if (format == "e") {
        // f16
        assert(view.itemsize == 2 && "mismatched array itemsize");
        bulkLoadElementType = mlirF16TypeGet(context);
      } else if (isSignedIntegerFormat(format)) {
        if (view.itemsize == 4) {
          // i32
          bulkLoadElementType = signless
                                    ? mlirIntegerTypeGet(context, 32)
                                    : mlirIntegerTypeSignedGet(context, 32);
        } else if (view.itemsize == 8) {
          // i64
          bulkLoadElementType = signless
                                    ? mlirIntegerTypeGet(context, 64)
                                    : mlirIntegerTypeSignedGet(context, 64);
        } else if (view.itemsize == 1) {
          // i8
          bulkLoadElementType = signless ? mlirIntegerTypeGet(context, 8)
                                         : mlirIntegerTypeSignedGet(context, 8);
        } else if (view.itemsize == 2) {
          // i16
          bulkLoadElementType = signless
                                    ? mlirIntegerTypeGet(context, 16)
                                    : mlirIntegerTypeSignedGet(context, 16);
        }
      } else if (isUnsignedIntegerFormat(format)) {
        if (view.itemsize == 4) {
          // unsigned i32
          bulkLoadElementType = signless
                                    ? mlirIntegerTypeGet(context, 32)
                                    : mlirIntegerTypeUnsignedGet(context, 32);
        } else if (view.itemsize == 8) {
          // unsigned i64
          bulkLoadElementType = signless
                                    ? mlirIntegerTypeGet(context, 64)
                                    : mlirIntegerTypeUnsignedGet(context, 64);
        } else if (view.itemsize == 1) {
          // i8
          bulkLoadElementType = signless
                                    ? mlirIntegerTypeGet(context, 8)
                                    : mlirIntegerTypeUnsignedGet(context, 8);
        } else if (view.itemsize == 2) {
          // i16
          bulkLoadElementType = signless
                                    ? mlirIntegerTypeGet(context, 16)
                                    : mlirIntegerTypeUnsignedGet(context, 16);
        }
      }
      if (!bulkLoadElementType) {
        throw std::invalid_argument(
            std::string("unimplemented array format conversion from format: ") +
            std::string(format));
      }
    }

    MlirType shapedType;
    if (mlirTypeIsAShaped(*bulkLoadElementType)) {
      if (explicitShape) {
        throw std::invalid_argument("Shape can only be specified explicitly "
                                    "when the type is not a shaped type.");
      }
      shapedType = *bulkLoadElementType;
    } else {
      shapedType = mlirRankedTensorTypeGet(shape.size(), shape.data(),
                                           *bulkLoadElementType, encodingAttr);
    }
    size_t rawBufferSize = view.len;
    MlirAttribute attr =
        mlirDenseElementsAttrRawBufferGet(shapedType, rawBufferSize, view.buf);
    if (mlirAttributeIsNull(attr)) {
      throw std::invalid_argument(
          "DenseElementsAttr could not be constructed from the given buffer. "
          "This may mean that the Python buffer layout does not match that "
          "MLIR expected layout and is a bug.");
    }
    return PyDenseElementsAttribute(contextWrapper->getRef(), attr);
  }

  static PyDenseElementsAttribute getSplat(const PyType &shapedType,
                                           PyAttribute &elementAttr) {
    auto contextWrapper =
        PyMlirContext::forContext(mlirTypeGetContext(shapedType));
    if (!mlirAttributeIsAInteger(elementAttr) &&
        !mlirAttributeIsAFloat(elementAttr)) {
      std::string message = "Illegal element type for DenseElementsAttr: ";
      message.append(py::repr(py::cast(elementAttr)));
      throw py::value_error(message);
    }
    if (!mlirTypeIsAShaped(shapedType) ||
        !mlirShapedTypeHasStaticShape(shapedType)) {
      std::string message =
          "Expected a static ShapedType for the shaped_type parameter: ";
      message.append(py::repr(py::cast(shapedType)));
      throw py::value_error(message);
    }
    MlirType shapedElementType = mlirShapedTypeGetElementType(shapedType);
    MlirType attrType = mlirAttributeGetType(elementAttr);
    if (!mlirTypeEqual(shapedElementType, attrType)) {
      std::string message =
          "Shaped element type and attribute type must be equal: shaped=";
      message.append(py::repr(py::cast(shapedType)));
      message.append(", element=");
      message.append(py::repr(py::cast(elementAttr)));
      throw py::value_error(message);
    }

    MlirAttribute elements =
        mlirDenseElementsAttrSplatGet(shapedType, elementAttr);
    return PyDenseElementsAttribute(contextWrapper->getRef(), elements);
  }

  intptr_t dunderLen() { return mlirElementsAttrGetNumElements(*this); }

  py::buffer_info accessBuffer() {
    MlirType shapedType = mlirAttributeGetType(*this);
    MlirType elementType = mlirShapedTypeGetElementType(shapedType);
    std::string format;

    if (mlirTypeIsAF32(elementType)) {
      // f32
      return bufferInfo<float>(shapedType);
    }
    if (mlirTypeIsAF64(elementType)) {
      // f64
      return bufferInfo<double>(shapedType);
    }
    if (mlirTypeIsAF16(elementType)) {
      // f16
      return bufferInfo<uint16_t>(shapedType, "e");
    }
    if (mlirTypeIsAIndex(elementType)) {
      // Same as IndexType::kInternalStorageBitWidth
      return bufferInfo<int64_t>(shapedType);
    }
    if (mlirTypeIsAInteger(elementType) &&
        mlirIntegerTypeGetWidth(elementType) == 32) {
      if (mlirIntegerTypeIsSignless(elementType) ||
          mlirIntegerTypeIsSigned(elementType)) {
        // i32
        return bufferInfo<int32_t>(shapedType);
      }
      if (mlirIntegerTypeIsUnsigned(elementType)) {
        // unsigned i32
        return bufferInfo<uint32_t>(shapedType);
      }
    } else if (mlirTypeIsAInteger(elementType) &&
               mlirIntegerTypeGetWidth(elementType) == 64) {
      if (mlirIntegerTypeIsSignless(elementType) ||
          mlirIntegerTypeIsSigned(elementType)) {
        // i64
        return bufferInfo<int64_t>(shapedType);
      }
      if (mlirIntegerTypeIsUnsigned(elementType)) {
        // unsigned i64
        return bufferInfo<uint64_t>(shapedType);
      }
    } else if (mlirTypeIsAInteger(elementType) &&
               mlirIntegerTypeGetWidth(elementType) == 8) {
      if (mlirIntegerTypeIsSignless(elementType) ||
          mlirIntegerTypeIsSigned(elementType)) {
        // i8
        return bufferInfo<int8_t>(shapedType);
      }
      if (mlirIntegerTypeIsUnsigned(elementType)) {
        // unsigned i8
        return bufferInfo<uint8_t>(shapedType);
      }
    } else if (mlirTypeIsAInteger(elementType) &&
               mlirIntegerTypeGetWidth(elementType) == 16) {
      if (mlirIntegerTypeIsSignless(elementType) ||
          mlirIntegerTypeIsSigned(elementType)) {
        // i16
        return bufferInfo<int16_t>(shapedType);
      }
      if (mlirIntegerTypeIsUnsigned(elementType)) {
        // unsigned i16
        return bufferInfo<uint16_t>(shapedType);
      }
    }

    // TODO: Currently crashes the program.
    // Reported as https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/3336
    throw std::invalid_argument(
        "unsupported data type for conversion to Python buffer");
  }

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def("__len__", &PyDenseElementsAttribute::dunderLen)
        .def_static("get", PyDenseElementsAttribute::getFromBuffer,
                    py::arg("array"), py::arg("signless") = true,
                    py::arg("type") = py::none(), py::arg("shape") = py::none(),
                    py::arg("context") = py::none(),
                    kDenseElementsAttrGetDocstring)
        .def_static("get", PyDenseElementsAttribute::getFromList,
                    py::arg("attrs"), py::arg("type") = py::none(),
                    py::arg("context") = py::none(),
                    kDenseElementsAttrGetFromListDocstring)
        .def_static("get_splat", PyDenseElementsAttribute::getSplat,
                    py::arg("shaped_type"), py::arg("element_attr"),
                    "Gets a DenseElementsAttr where all values are the same")
        .def_property_readonly("is_splat",
                               [](PyDenseElementsAttribute &self) -> bool {
                                 return mlirDenseElementsAttrIsSplat(self);
                               })
        .def("get_splat_value",
             [](PyDenseElementsAttribute &self) {
               if (!mlirDenseElementsAttrIsSplat(self))
                 throw py::value_error(
                     "get_splat_value called on a non-splat attribute");
               return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetSplatValue(self);
             })
        .def_buffer(&PyDenseElementsAttribute::accessBuffer);
  }

private:
  static bool isUnsignedIntegerFormat(std::string_view format) {
    if (format.empty())
      return false;
    char code = format[0];
    return code == 'I' || code == 'B' || code == 'H' || code == 'L' ||
           code == 'Q';
  }

  static bool isSignedIntegerFormat(std::string_view format) {
    if (format.empty())
      return false;
    char code = format[0];
    return code == 'i' || code == 'b' || code == 'h' || code == 'l' ||
           code == 'q';
  }

  template <typename Type>
  py::buffer_info bufferInfo(MlirType shapedType,
                             const char *explicitFormat = nullptr) {
    intptr_t rank = mlirShapedTypeGetRank(shapedType);
    // Prepare the data for the buffer_info.
    // Buffer is configured for read-only access below.
    Type *data = static_cast<Type *>(
        const_cast<void *>(mlirDenseElementsAttrGetRawData(*this)));
    // Prepare the shape for the buffer_info.
    SmallVector<intptr_t, 4> shape;
    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < rank; ++i)
      shape.push_back(mlirShapedTypeGetDimSize(shapedType, i));
    // Prepare the strides for the buffer_info.
    SmallVector<intptr_t, 4> strides;
    if (mlirDenseElementsAttrIsSplat(*this)) {
      // Splats are special, only the single value is stored.
      strides.assign(rank, 0);
    } else {
      for (intptr_t i = 1; i < rank; ++i) {
        intptr_t strideFactor = 1;
        for (intptr_t j = i; j < rank; ++j)
          strideFactor *= mlirShapedTypeGetDimSize(shapedType, j);
        strides.push_back(sizeof(Type) * strideFactor);
      }
      strides.push_back(sizeof(Type));
    }
    std::string format;
    if (explicitFormat) {
      format = explicitFormat;
    } else {
      format = py::format_descriptor<Type>::format();
    }
    return py::buffer_info(data, sizeof(Type), format, rank, shape, strides,
                           /*readonly=*/true);
  }
}; // namespace

/// Refinement of the PyDenseElementsAttribute for attributes containing integer
/// (and boolean) values. Supports element access.
class PyDenseIntElementsAttribute
    : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyDenseIntElementsAttribute,
                                 PyDenseElementsAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseIntElements;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseIntElementsAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;

  /// Returns the element at the given linear position. Asserts if the index is
  /// out of range.
  py::int_ dunderGetItem(intptr_t pos) {
    if (pos < 0 || pos >= dunderLen()) {
      throw py::index_error("attempt to access out of bounds element");
    }

    MlirType type = mlirAttributeGetType(*this);
    type = mlirShapedTypeGetElementType(type);
    assert(mlirTypeIsAInteger(type) &&
           "expected integer element type in dense int elements attribute");
    // Dispatch element extraction to an appropriate C function based on the
    // elemental type of the attribute. py::int_ is implicitly constructible
    // from any C++ integral type and handles bitwidth correctly.
    // TODO: consider caching the type properties in the constructor to avoid
    // querying them on each element access.
    unsigned width = mlirIntegerTypeGetWidth(type);
    bool isUnsigned = mlirIntegerTypeIsUnsigned(type);
    if (isUnsigned) {
      if (width == 1) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetBoolValue(*this, pos);
      }
      if (width == 8) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetUInt8Value(*this, pos);
      }
      if (width == 16) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetUInt16Value(*this, pos);
      }
      if (width == 32) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetUInt32Value(*this, pos);
      }
      if (width == 64) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetUInt64Value(*this, pos);
      }
    } else {
      if (width == 1) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetBoolValue(*this, pos);
      }
      if (width == 8) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetInt8Value(*this, pos);
      }
      if (width == 16) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetInt16Value(*this, pos);
      }
      if (width == 32) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetInt32Value(*this, pos);
      }
      if (width == 64) {
        return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetInt64Value(*this, pos);
      }
    }
    throw py::type_error("Unsupported integer type");
  }

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def("__getitem__", &PyDenseIntElementsAttribute::dunderGetItem);
  }
};

class PyDenseResourceElementsAttribute
    : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyDenseResourceElementsAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction =
      mlirAttributeIsADenseResourceElements;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseResourceElementsAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;

  static PyDenseResourceElementsAttribute
  getFromBuffer(py::buffer buffer, const std::string &name, const PyType &type,
                std::optional<size_t> alignment, bool isMutable,
                DefaultingPyMlirContext contextWrapper) {
    if (!mlirTypeIsAShaped(type)) {
      throw std::invalid_argument(
          "Constructing a DenseResourceElementsAttr requires a ShapedType.");
    }

    // Do not request any conversions as we must ensure to use caller
    // managed memory.
    int flags = PyBUF_STRIDES;
    std::unique_ptr<Py_buffer> view = std::make_unique<Py_buffer>();
    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(buffer.ptr(), view.get(), flags) != 0) {
      throw py::error_already_set();
    }

    // This scope releaser will only release if we haven't yet transferred
    // ownership.
    auto freeBuffer = llvm::make_scope_exit([&]() {
      if (view)
        PyBuffer_Release(view.get());
    });

    if (!PyBuffer_IsContiguous(view.get(), 'A')) {
      throw std::invalid_argument("Contiguous buffer is required.");
    }

    // Infer alignment to be the stride of one element if not explicit.
    size_t inferredAlignment;
    if (alignment)
      inferredAlignment = *alignment;
    else
      inferredAlignment = view->strides[view->ndim - 1];

    // The userData is a Py_buffer* that the deleter owns.
    auto deleter = [](void *userData, const void *data, size_t size,
                      size_t align) {
      Py_buffer *ownedView = static_cast<Py_buffer *>(userData);
      PyBuffer_Release(ownedView);
      delete ownedView;
    };

    size_t rawBufferSize = view->len;
    MlirAttribute attr = mlirUnmanagedDenseResourceElementsAttrGet(
        type, toMlirStringRef(name), view->buf, rawBufferSize,
        inferredAlignment, isMutable, deleter, static_cast<void *>(view.get()));
    if (mlirAttributeIsNull(attr)) {
      throw std::invalid_argument(
          "DenseResourceElementsAttr could not be constructed from the given "
          "buffer. "
          "This may mean that the Python buffer layout does not match that "
          "MLIR expected layout and is a bug.");
    }
    view.release();
    return PyDenseResourceElementsAttribute(contextWrapper->getRef(), attr);
  }

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static("get_from_buffer",
                 PyDenseResourceElementsAttribute::getFromBuffer,
                 py::arg("array"), py::arg("name"), py::arg("type"),
                 py::arg("alignment") = py::none(),
                 py::arg("is_mutable") = false, py::arg("context") = py::none(),
                 kDenseResourceElementsAttrGetFromBufferDocstring);
  }
};

class PyDictAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyDictAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADictionary;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DictAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirDictionaryAttrGetTypeID;

  intptr_t dunderLen() { return mlirDictionaryAttrGetNumElements(*this); }

  bool dunderContains(const std::string &name) {
    return !mlirAttributeIsNull(
        mlirDictionaryAttrGetElementByName(*this, toMlirStringRef(name)));
  }

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def("__contains__", &PyDictAttribute::dunderContains);
    c.def("__len__", &PyDictAttribute::dunderLen);
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](py::dict attributes, DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          SmallVector<MlirNamedAttribute> mlirNamedAttributes;
          mlirNamedAttributes.reserve(attributes.size());
          for (auto &it : attributes) {
            auto &mlirAttr = it.second.cast<PyAttribute &>();
            auto name = it.first.cast<std::string>();
            mlirNamedAttributes.push_back(mlirNamedAttributeGet(
                mlirIdentifierGet(mlirAttributeGetContext(mlirAttr),
                                  toMlirStringRef(name)),
                mlirAttr));
          }
          MlirAttribute attr =
              mlirDictionaryAttrGet(context->get(), mlirNamedAttributes.size(),
                                    mlirNamedAttributes.data());
          return PyDictAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("value") = py::dict(), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets an uniqued dict attribute");
    c.def("__getitem__", [](PyDictAttribute &self, const std::string &name) {
      MlirAttribute attr =
          mlirDictionaryAttrGetElementByName(self, toMlirStringRef(name));
      if (mlirAttributeIsNull(attr))
        throw py::key_error("attempt to access a non-existent attribute");
      return attr;
    });
    c.def("__getitem__", [](PyDictAttribute &self, intptr_t index) {
      if (index < 0 || index >= self.dunderLen()) {
        throw py::index_error("attempt to access out of bounds attribute");
      }
      MlirNamedAttribute namedAttr = mlirDictionaryAttrGetElement(self, index);
      return PyNamedAttribute(
          namedAttr.attribute,
          std::string(mlirIdentifierStr(namedAttr.name).data));
    });
  }
};

/// Refinement of PyDenseElementsAttribute for attributes containing
/// floating-point values. Supports element access.
class PyDenseFPElementsAttribute
    : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyDenseFPElementsAttribute,
                                 PyDenseElementsAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsADenseFPElements;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "DenseFPElementsAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;

  py::float_ dunderGetItem(intptr_t pos) {
    if (pos < 0 || pos >= dunderLen()) {
      throw py::index_error("attempt to access out of bounds element");
    }

    MlirType type = mlirAttributeGetType(*this);
    type = mlirShapedTypeGetElementType(type);
    // Dispatch element extraction to an appropriate C function based on the
    // elemental type of the attribute. py::float_ is implicitly constructible
    // from float and double.
    // TODO: consider caching the type properties in the constructor to avoid
    // querying them on each element access.
    if (mlirTypeIsAF32(type)) {
      return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetFloatValue(*this, pos);
    }
    if (mlirTypeIsAF64(type)) {
      return mlirDenseElementsAttrGetDoubleValue(*this, pos);
    }
    throw py::type_error("Unsupported floating-point type");
  }

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def("__getitem__", &PyDenseFPElementsAttribute::dunderGetItem);
  }
};

class PyTypeAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyTypeAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAType;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "TypeAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirTypeAttrGetTypeID;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](PyType value, DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirTypeAttrGet(value.get());
          return PyTypeAttribute(context->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("value"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets a uniqued Type attribute");
    c.def_property_readonly("value", [](PyTypeAttribute &self) {
      return mlirTypeAttrGetValue(self.get());
    });
  }
};

/// Unit Attribute subclass. Unit attributes don't have values.
class PyUnitAttribute : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyUnitAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAUnit;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "UnitAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirUnitAttrGetTypeID;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](DefaultingPyMlirContext context) {
          return PyUnitAttribute(context->getRef(),
                                 mlirUnitAttrGet(context->get()));
        },
        py::arg("context") = py::none(), "Create a Unit attribute.");
  }
};

/// Strided layout attribute subclass.
class PyStridedLayoutAttribute
    : public PyConcreteAttribute<PyStridedLayoutAttribute> {
public:
  static constexpr IsAFunctionTy isaFunction = mlirAttributeIsAStridedLayout;
  static constexpr const char *pyClassName = "StridedLayoutAttr";
  using PyConcreteAttribute::PyConcreteAttribute;
  static constexpr GetTypeIDFunctionTy getTypeIdFunction =
      mlirStridedLayoutAttrGetTypeID;

  static void bindDerived(ClassTy &c) {
    c.def_static(
        "get",
        [](int64_t offset, const std::vector<int64_t> strides,
           DefaultingPyMlirContext ctx) {
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirStridedLayoutAttrGet(
              ctx->get(), offset, strides.size(), strides.data());
          return PyStridedLayoutAttribute(ctx->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("offset"), py::arg("strides"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets a strided layout attribute.");
    c.def_static(
        "get_fully_dynamic",
        [](int64_t rank, DefaultingPyMlirContext ctx) {
          auto dynamic = mlirShapedTypeGetDynamicStrideOrOffset();
          std::vector<int64_t> strides(rank);
          std::fill(strides.begin(), strides.end(), dynamic);
          MlirAttribute attr = mlirStridedLayoutAttrGet(
              ctx->get(), dynamic, strides.size(), strides.data());
          return PyStridedLayoutAttribute(ctx->getRef(), attr);
        },
        py::arg("rank"), py::arg("context") = py::none(),
        "Gets a strided layout attribute with dynamic offset and strides of a "
        "given rank.");
    c.def_property_readonly(
        "offset",
        [](PyStridedLayoutAttribute &self) {
          return mlirStridedLayoutAttrGetOffset(self);
        },
        "Returns the value of the float point attribute");
    c.def_property_readonly(
        "strides",
        [](PyStridedLayoutAttribute &self) {
          intptr_t size = mlirStridedLayoutAttrGetNumStrides(self);
          std::vector<int64_t> strides(size);
          for (intptr_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            strides[i] = mlirStridedLayoutAttrGetStride(self, i);
          }
          return strides;
        },
        "Returns the value of the float point attribute");
  }
};

py::object denseArrayAttributeCaster(PyAttribute &pyAttribute) {
  if (PyDenseBoolArrayAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseBoolArrayAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PyDenseI8ArrayAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseI8ArrayAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PyDenseI16ArrayAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseI16ArrayAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PyDenseI32ArrayAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseI32ArrayAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PyDenseI64ArrayAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseI64ArrayAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PyDenseF32ArrayAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseF32ArrayAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PyDenseF64ArrayAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseF64ArrayAttribute(pyAttribute));
  std::string msg =
      std::string("Can't cast unknown element type DenseArrayAttr (") +
      std::string(py::repr(py::cast(pyAttribute))) + ")";
  throw py::cast_error(msg);
}

py::object denseIntOrFPElementsAttributeCaster(PyAttribute &pyAttribute) {
  if (PyDenseFPElementsAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseFPElementsAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PyDenseIntElementsAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyDenseIntElementsAttribute(pyAttribute));
  std::string msg =
      std::string(
          "Can't cast unknown element type DenseIntOrFPElementsAttr (") +
      std::string(py::repr(py::cast(pyAttribute))) + ")";
  throw py::cast_error(msg);
}

py::object integerOrBoolAttributeCaster(PyAttribute &pyAttribute) {
  if (PyBoolAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyBoolAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PyIntegerAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyIntegerAttribute(pyAttribute));
  std::string msg =
      std::string("Can't cast unknown element type DenseArrayAttr (") +
      std::string(py::repr(py::cast(pyAttribute))) + ")";
  throw py::cast_error(msg);
}

py::object symbolRefOrFlatSymbolRefAttributeCaster(PyAttribute &pyAttribute) {
  if (PyFlatSymbolRefAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PyFlatSymbolRefAttribute(pyAttribute));
  if (PySymbolRefAttribute::isaFunction(pyAttribute))
    return py::cast(PySymbolRefAttribute(pyAttribute));
  std::string msg = std::string("Can't cast unknown SymbolRef attribute (") +
                    std::string(py::repr(py::cast(pyAttribute))) + ")";
  throw py::cast_error(msg);
}

} // namespace

void mlir::python::populateIRAttributes(py::module &m) {
  PyAffineMapAttribute::bind(m);

  PyDenseBoolArrayAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseBoolArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayIterator::bind(m);
  PyDenseI8ArrayAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseI8ArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayIterator::bind(m);
  PyDenseI16ArrayAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseI16ArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayIterator::bind(m);
  PyDenseI32ArrayAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseI32ArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayIterator::bind(m);
  PyDenseI64ArrayAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseI64ArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayIterator::bind(m);
  PyDenseF32ArrayAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseF32ArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayIterator::bind(m);
  PyDenseF64ArrayAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseF64ArrayAttribute::PyDenseArrayIterator::bind(m);
  PyGlobals::get().registerTypeCaster(
      mlirDenseArrayAttrGetTypeID(),
      pybind11::cpp_function(denseArrayAttributeCaster));

  PyArrayAttribute::bind(m);
  PyArrayAttribute::PyArrayAttributeIterator::bind(m);
  PyBoolAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseElementsAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseFPElementsAttribute::bind(m);
  PyDenseIntElementsAttribute::bind(m);
  PyGlobals::get().registerTypeCaster(
      mlirDenseIntOrFPElementsAttrGetTypeID(),
      pybind11::cpp_function(denseIntOrFPElementsAttributeCaster));
  PyDenseResourceElementsAttribute::bind(m);

  PyDictAttribute::bind(m);
  PySymbolRefAttribute::bind(m);
  PyGlobals::get().registerTypeCaster(
      mlirSymbolRefAttrGetTypeID(),
      pybind11::cpp_function(symbolRefOrFlatSymbolRefAttributeCaster));

  PyFlatSymbolRefAttribute::bind(m);
  PyOpaqueAttribute::bind(m);
  PyFloatAttribute::bind(m);
  PyIntegerAttribute::bind(m);
  PyStringAttribute::bind(m);
  PyTypeAttribute::bind(m);
  PyGlobals::get().registerTypeCaster(
      mlirIntegerAttrGetTypeID(),
      pybind11::cpp_function(integerOrBoolAttributeCaster));
  PyUnitAttribute::bind(m);

  PyStridedLayoutAttribute::bind(m);
}