* Optimize vmemmap pages associated with HugeTLB
*
* Copyright (c) 2020, Bytedance. All rights reserved.
*
* Author: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
*
* The struct page structures (page structs) are used to describe a physical
* page frame. By default, there is a one-to-one mapping from a page frame to
* it's corresponding page struct.
*
* HugeTLB pages consist of multiple base page size pages and is supported by
* many architectures. See hugetlbpage.rst in the Documentation directory for
* more details. On the x86-64 architecture, HugeTLB pages of size 2MB and 1GB
* are currently supported. Since the base page size on x86 is 4KB, a 2MB
* HugeTLB page consists of 512 base pages and a 1GB HugeTLB page consists of
* 4096 base pages. For each base page, there is a corresponding page struct.
*
* Within the HugeTLB subsystem, only the first 4 page structs are used to
* contain unique information about a HugeTLB page. __NR_USED_SUBPAGE provides
* this upper limit. The only 'useful' information in the remaining page structs
* is the compound_head field, and this field is the same for all tail pages.
*
* By removing redundant page structs for HugeTLB pages, memory can be returned
* to the buddy allocator for other uses.
*
* Different architectures support different HugeTLB pages. For example, the
* following table is the HugeTLB page size supported by x86 and arm64
* architectures. Because arm64 supports 4k, 16k, and 64k base pages and
* supports contiguous entries, so it supports many kinds of sizes of HugeTLB
* page.
*
* +--------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------+
* | Architecture | Page Size | HugeTLB Page Size |
* +--------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
* | x86-64 | 4KB | 2MB | 1GB | | |
* +--------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
* | | 4KB | 64KB | 2MB | 32MB | 1GB |
* | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
* | arm64 | 16KB | 2MB | 32MB | 1GB | |
* | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
* | | 64KB | 2MB | 512MB | 16GB | |
* +--------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
*
* When the system boot up, every HugeTLB page has more than one struct page
* structs which size is (unit: pages):
*
* struct_size = HugeTLB_Size / PAGE_SIZE * sizeof(struct page) / PAGE_SIZE
*
* Where HugeTLB_Size is the size of the HugeTLB page. We know that the size
* of the HugeTLB page is always n times PAGE_SIZE. So we can get the following
* relationship.
*
* HugeTLB_Size = n * PAGE_SIZE
*
* Then,
*
* struct_size = n * PAGE_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE * sizeof(struct page) / PAGE_SIZE
* = n * sizeof(struct page) / PAGE_SIZE
*
* We can use huge mapping at the pud/pmd level for the HugeTLB page.
*
* For the HugeTLB page of the pmd level mapping, then
*
* struct_size = n * sizeof(struct page) / PAGE_SIZE
* = PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(pte_t) * sizeof(struct page) / PAGE_SIZE
* = sizeof(struct page) / sizeof(pte_t)
* = 64 / 8
* = 8 (pages)
*
* Where n is how many pte entries which one page can contains. So the value of
* n is (PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(pte_t)).
*
* This optimization only supports 64-bit system, so the value of sizeof(pte_t)
* is 8. And this optimization also applicable only when the size of struct page
* is a power of two. In most cases, the size of struct page is 64 bytes (e.g.
* x86-64 and arm64). So if we use pmd level mapping for a HugeTLB page, the
* size of struct page structs of it is 8 page frames which size depends on the
* size of the base page.
*
* For the HugeTLB page of the pud level mapping, then
*
* struct_size = PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(pmd_t) * struct_size(pmd)
* = PAGE_SIZE / 8 * 8 (pages)
* = PAGE_SIZE (pages)
*
* Where the struct_size(pmd) is the size of the struct page structs of a
* HugeTLB page of the pmd level mapping.
*
* E.g.: A 2MB HugeTLB page on x86_64 consists in 8 page frames while 1GB
* HugeTLB page consists in 4096.
*
* Next, we take the pmd level mapping of the HugeTLB page as an example to
* show the internal implementation of this optimization. There are 8 pages
* struct page structs associated with a HugeTLB page which is pmd mapped.
*
* Here is how things look before optimization.
*
* HugeTLB struct pages(8 pages) page frame(8 pages)
* +-----------+ ---virt_to_page---> +-----------+ mapping to +-----------+
* | | | 0 | -------------> | 0 |
* | | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | | | 1 | -------------> | 1 |
* | | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | | | 2 | -------------> | 2 |
* | | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | | | 3 | -------------> | 3 |
* | | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | | | 4 | -------------> | 4 |
* | PMD | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | level | | 5 | -------------> | 5 |
* | mapping | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | | | 6 | -------------> | 6 |
* | | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | | | 7 | -------------> | 7 |
* | | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | |
* | |
* | |
* +-----------+
*
* The value of page->compound_head is the same for all tail pages. The first
* page of page structs (page 0) associated with the HugeTLB page contains the 4
* page structs necessary to describe the HugeTLB. The only use of the remaining
* pages of page structs (page 1 to page 7) is to point to page->compound_head.
* Therefore, we can remap pages 1 to 7 to page 0. Only 1 page of page structs
* will be used for each HugeTLB page. This will allow us to free the remaining
* 7 pages to the buddy allocator.
*
* Here is how things look after remapping.
*
* HugeTLB struct pages(8 pages) page frame(8 pages)
* +-----------+ ---virt_to_page---> +-----------+ mapping to +-----------+
* | | | 0 | -------------> | 0 |
* | | +-----------+ +-----------+
* | | | 1 | ---------------^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
* | | +-----------+ | | | | | |
* | | | 2 | -----------------+ | | | | |
* | | +-----------+ | | | | |
* | | | 3 | -------------------+ | | | |
* | | +-----------+ | | | |
* | | | 4 | ---------------------+ | | |
* | PMD | +-----------+ | | |
* | level | | 5 | -----------------------+ | |
* | mapping | +-----------+ | |
* | | | 6 | -------------------------+ |
* | | +-----------+ |
* | | | 7 | ---------------------------+
* | | +-----------+
* | |
* | |
* | |
* +-----------+
*
* When a HugeTLB is freed to the buddy system, we should allocate 7 pages for
* vmemmap pages and restore the previous mapping relationship.
*
* For the HugeTLB page of the pud level mapping. It is similar to the former.
* We also can use this approach to free (PAGE_SIZE - 1) vmemmap pages.
*
* Apart from the HugeTLB page of the pmd/pud level mapping, some architectures
* (e.g. aarch64) provides a contiguous bit in the translation table entries
* that hints to the MMU to indicate that it is one of a contiguous set of
* entries that can be cached in a single TLB entry.
*
* The contiguous bit is used to increase the mapping size at the pmd and pte
* (last) level. So this type of HugeTLB page can be optimized only when its
* size of the struct page structs is greater than 1 page.
*
* Notice: The head vmemmap page is not freed to the buddy allocator and all
* tail vmemmap pages are mapped to the head vmemmap page frame. So we can see
* more than one struct page struct with PG_head (e.g. 8 per 2 MB HugeTLB page)
* associated with each HugeTLB page. The compound_head() can handle this
* correctly (more details refer to the comment above compound_head()).
*/
#define pr_fmt(fmt) "HugeTLB: " fmt
#include <linux/dynamic_hugetlb.h>
#include "hugetlb_vmemmap.h"
* There are a lot of struct page structures associated with each HugeTLB page.
* For tail pages, the value of compound_head is the same. So we can reuse first
* page of head page structures. We map the virtual addresses of all the pages
* of tail page structures to the head page struct, and then free these page
* frames. Therefore, we need to reserve one pages as vmemmap areas.
*/
#define RESERVE_VMEMMAP_NR 1U
#define RESERVE_VMEMMAP_SIZE (RESERVE_VMEMMAP_NR << PAGE_SHIFT)
enum vmemmap_optimize_mode {
VMEMMAP_OPTIMIZE_OFF,
VMEMMAP_OPTIMIZE_ON,
};
DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_MAYBE(CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP_DEFAULT_ON,
hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
static enum vmemmap_optimize_mode vmemmap_optimize_mode =
IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP_DEFAULT_ON);
static void vmemmap_optimize_mode_switch(enum vmemmap_optimize_mode to)
{
if (vmemmap_optimize_mode == to)
return;
if (to == VMEMMAP_OPTIMIZE_OFF)
static_branch_dec(&hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
else
static_branch_inc(&hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
WRITE_ONCE(vmemmap_optimize_mode, to);
}
static int __init hugetlb_vmemmap_early_param(char *buf)
{
bool enable;
enum vmemmap_optimize_mode mode;
if (kstrtobool(buf, &enable))
return -EINVAL;
mode = enable ? VMEMMAP_OPTIMIZE_ON : VMEMMAP_OPTIMIZE_OFF;
vmemmap_optimize_mode_switch(mode);
return 0;
}
early_param("hugetlb_free_vmemmap", hugetlb_vmemmap_early_param);
* Previously discarded vmemmap pages will be allocated and remapping
* after this function returns zero.
*/
int hugetlb_vmemmap_alloc(struct hstate *h, struct page *head)
{
int ret;
unsigned long vmemmap_addr = (unsigned long)head;
unsigned long vmemmap_end, vmemmap_reuse, vmemmap_pages;
if (!HPageVmemmapOptimized(head))
return 0;
vmemmap_addr += RESERVE_VMEMMAP_SIZE;
vmemmap_pages = hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_pages(h);
vmemmap_end = vmemmap_addr + (vmemmap_pages << PAGE_SHIFT);
vmemmap_reuse = vmemmap_addr - PAGE_SIZE;
* The pages which the vmemmap virtual address range [@vmemmap_addr,
* @vmemmap_end) are mapped to are freed to the buddy allocator, and
* the range is mapped to the page which @vmemmap_reuse is mapped to.
* When a HugeTLB page is freed to the buddy allocator, previously
* discarded vmemmap pages must be allocated and remapping.
*/
ret = vmemmap_remap_alloc(vmemmap_addr, vmemmap_end, vmemmap_reuse,
GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_NORETRY);
if (!ret) {
ClearHPageVmemmapOptimized(head);
static_branch_dec(&hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
}
return ret;
}
void hugetlb_vmemmap_free(struct hstate *h, struct page *head)
{
unsigned long vmemmap_addr = (unsigned long)head;
unsigned long vmemmap_end, vmemmap_reuse, vmemmap_pages;
vmemmap_pages = hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_pages(h);
if (!vmemmap_pages)
return;
if (READ_ONCE(vmemmap_optimize_mode) == VMEMMAP_OPTIMIZE_OFF)
return;
static_branch_inc(&hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
vmemmap_addr += RESERVE_VMEMMAP_SIZE;
vmemmap_end = vmemmap_addr + (vmemmap_pages << PAGE_SHIFT);
vmemmap_reuse = vmemmap_addr - PAGE_SIZE;
* Remap the vmemmap virtual address range [@vmemmap_addr, @vmemmap_end)
* to the page which @vmemmap_reuse is mapped to, then free the pages
* which the range [@vmemmap_addr, @vmemmap_end] is mapped to.
*/
if (vmemmap_remap_free(vmemmap_addr, vmemmap_end, vmemmap_reuse))
static_branch_dec(&hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
else
SetHPageVmemmapOptimized(head);
}
void __init hugetlb_vmemmap_init(struct hstate *h)
{
unsigned int nr_pages = pages_per_huge_page(h);
unsigned int vmemmap_pages;
* There are only (RESERVE_VMEMMAP_SIZE / sizeof(struct page)) struct
* page structs that can be used when CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP,
* so add a BUILD_BUG_ON to catch invalid usage of the tail struct page.
*/
BUILD_BUG_ON(__NR_USED_SUBPAGE >=
RESERVE_VMEMMAP_SIZE / sizeof(struct page));
if (enable_dhugetlb) {
pr_warn_once("cannot optimize vmemmap pages due to conflict with dynamic hugetlb\n");
static_branch_disable(&hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
return;
}
if (!is_power_of_2(sizeof(struct page))) {
pr_warn_once("cannot optimize vmemmap pages because \"struct page\" crosses page boundaries\n");
static_branch_disable(&hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_key);
return;
}
vmemmap_pages = (nr_pages * sizeof(struct page)) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
* The head page is not to be freed to buddy allocator, the other tail
* pages will map to the head page, so they can be freed.
*
* Could RESERVE_VMEMMAP_NR be greater than @vmemmap_pages? It is true
* on some architectures (e.g. aarch64). See Documentation/arm64/
* hugetlbpage.rst for more details.
*/
if (likely(vmemmap_pages > RESERVE_VMEMMAP_NR))
h->optimize_vmemmap_pages = vmemmap_pages - RESERVE_VMEMMAP_NR;
pr_info("can optimize %d vmemmap pages for %s\n",
h->optimize_vmemmap_pages, h->name);
}
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_SYSCTL
static int hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
void *buffer, size_t *length,
loff_t *ppos)
{
int ret;
enum vmemmap_optimize_mode mode;
static DEFINE_MUTEX(sysctl_mutex);
if (write && !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EPERM;
mutex_lock(&sysctl_mutex);
mode = vmemmap_optimize_mode;
table->data = &mode;
ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, length, ppos);
if (write && !ret)
vmemmap_optimize_mode_switch(mode);
mutex_unlock(&sysctl_mutex);
return ret;
}
static struct ctl_table hugetlb_vmemmap_sysctls[] = {
{
.procname = "hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap",
.maxlen = sizeof(enum vmemmap_optimize_mode),
.mode = 0644,
.proc_handler = hugetlb_optimize_vmemmap_handler,
.extra1 = SYSCTL_ZERO,
.extra2 = SYSCTL_ONE,
},
{ }
};
static __init int hugetlb_vmemmap_sysctls_init(void)
{
* If "memory_hotplug.memmap_on_memory" is enabled or "struct page"
* crosses page boundaries, the vmemmap pages cannot be optimized.
* If "dynamic hugetlb" is enabled, the vmemmap pages cannot be
* optimized.
*/
if (is_power_of_2(sizeof(struct page)) && !enable_dhugetlb)
register_sysctl_init("vm", hugetlb_vmemmap_sysctls);
return 0;
}
late_initcall(hugetlb_vmemmap_sysctls_init);
#endif
